Национальная культура и предпринимательство: обзор литературы и направления будущих исследований

Tatiana V. Beliaeva; Karina A. Bogatyreva

doi:10.21638/spbu18.2018.206

Authors

Tatiana V. Beliaeva Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg University, Russia
Karina A. Bogatyreva Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg University, Russia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-6354

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu18.2018.206

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify state of the art of research on national culture and entrepreneurship, published in the leading peer-reviewed academic journals on management, entrepreneurship, and international business in 1988–2018. National culture plays an important role in explaining the differences in the level entrepreneurship development in different countries. Theoretical approaches to investigate this relationship are based on aggregate psychological traits related to entrepreneurship, social legitimation or moral approval of entrepreneurial behavior, and individual’s dissatisfaction with the existing position. As a result of literature review, comparative characteristics of the main approaches to measure national culture are given, three directions of the research on national culture and entrepreneurship are identified, in which the latter is considered at the individual-, firm-, or country-level, and methodological peculiarities, related to conducting of comparative cross-country studies and operationalization of variables at different levels of analysis, are provided. Based on the obtained results, possible directions for future research in this field are suggested.

Keywords:

national culture, entrepreneurship, literature review, future research directions

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ЛИТЕРАТУРА НА РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Беляева Т. В., Ласковая А. К., Широкова Г. В. 2016. Обучение предпринимательству и формирование предпринимательских на мерений студентов: роль национальной культуры. Российский журнал менеджмента 14 (1): 59–86.

Татарко A. Н., Лебедева Н. М. 2008. Исследование социальных аксиом: структура и взаимосвязи с социально-экономическими установками россиян. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики 5 (4): 135–143.

Хофстеде Г., МакКрэй Р. Р. 2010. Возвращаясь к обсуждению личности и культуры: связь личностных черт и культурных осей. Социологический журнал (4): 9–41.

Шварц Ш. 2008. Культурные ценностные ориентации: природа и следствия национальных различий. Психология. Журнал высшей школы экономики 5 (2): 37–67.

REFERENCES IN LATIN ALPHABET

Ajzen I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211.

Ajzen I., Fishbein M. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Armstrong C. E., Shimizu K. 2007. A review of approaches to empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm. Journal of Management 33 (6): 959–986.

Autio E., Pathak S., Wennberg K. 2013. Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors. Journal of International Business Studies 44 (4): 334–362.

Bachmann J.-T., Engelen A., Schwens C. 2016. Toward a better understanding of the association between strategic planning and entrepreneurial orientation — The moderating role of national culture. Journal of International Management 22 (4): 297–315.

Baskerville R. F. 2003. Hofstede never studied culture. Accounting, Organizations and Society 28 (1): 1–14.

Baum J. R., Olian J. D., Erez M., Schnell E. R., Smith K. G., Sims H. P., Scully J. S., Smith K. A. 1993. Nationality and work role interactions: A cultural contrast of Israeli and U.S. entrepreneurs’ versus managers’ needs. Journal of Business Venturing 8 (6): 499–512.

Bhimani A. 1999. Mapping methodological frontiers in cross-national management control research. Accounting, Organizations and Society 24 (5–6): 413–440.

Birley S. 1987. New ventures and employment growth. Journal of Business Venturing 2 (2): 155–165.

Bond M. H., Leung K., Au A., Tong K. K., Reimel de Carrasquel S., Murakami F. et al. 2004. Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their societal correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35 (5): 548–570.

Bruton G. D., Ahlstrom D., Li H.-L. 2010. Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: Where are we now and where do we need to move in the future? Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 34 (3): 421–440.

Cullen J. B., Johnson J. L., Parboteeah K. P. 2014. National rates of opportunity entrepreneurship activity: Insights from institutional anomie theory. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 38 (4): 775–806.

Daley J. 2013. Are entrepreneurs made or born? The Entrepreneur. [Electronic resourse]. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/228273 (assessed: 07.06.2018).

Davidsson P. 1995. Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 7 (1): 41–62.

Davidsson P., Wiklund J. 1997. Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates. Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (2–3): 179–199.

De Clercq D., Lim D. S. K., Oh C. H. 2013. Individual-level resources and new business activity: The contingent role of institutional context. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 37 (2): 303–330.

De Clercq D., Lim D. S. K., Oh C. H. 2014. Hierarchy and conservatism in the contributions of resources to entrepreneurial activity. Small Business Economics 42 (3): 507–522.

Dheer R. J. S. 2017. Cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity: Role of culture and institutional factors. Small Business Economics 48 (4): 813–842.

Drakopoulou Dodd S. D., Jack S., Anderson A. R. 2013. From admiration to abhorrence: The contentious appeal of entrepreneurship across Europe. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (1–2): 69–89.

Elfving J. 2008. Contextualizing Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Multiple Case Study on Entrepreneurial Cognition and Perception. Åbo Akademi University Press: Åbo.

Engelen A. 2010. Entrepreneurial orientation as a function of national cultural variations in two countries. Journal of International Management 16 (4): 354–368.

Engelen A., Heinemann F., Brettel M. 2009. Cross-cultural entrepreneurship research: Current status and framework for future studies. Journal of International Entrepreneurship 7 (3): 163–189.

Etzioni A. 1987. Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 8 (2): 175–189.

Fayolle A., Liñán F., Moriano J. A. 2014. Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: Values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 10 (4): 679–689.

Fischer R. 2006. Congruence and functions of personal and cultural values: Do my values reflect my culture’s values? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (11): 1419–1431.

Fischer R., Schwartz S. H. 2011. Whence differences in value priorities? Individual, cultural, or artifactual sources. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42 (7): 1127–1144.

Frederking L. C. 2004. A cross-national study of culture, organization and entrepreneurship in three neighborhoods. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 16 (3): 197–215.

Freytag A., Thurik R. 2007. Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17 (2): 117–131.

Giacomin O., Janssen F., Shinnar R. S. 2016. Student entrepreneurial optimism and overconfidence across cultures. International Small Business Journal 34 (7): 925–947.

Harrison G. L., McKinnon J. L. 1999. Crosscultural research in management control systems design: A review of the current state. Accounting, Organizations and Society 24 (5–6): 483–506.

Hayton J. C., Cacciotti G. 2013. Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 708–731.

Hayton J. C., George G., Zahra S. A. 2002. National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 26 (4): 33–53.

Hechavarría D. M. 2016. The impact of culture on national prevalence rates of social and commercial entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 12 (4): 1025–1052.

Hechavarría D. M., Reynolds P. D. 2009. Cultural norms business start-ups: The impact of national values on opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 5 (4): 417–437.

Hechavarría D. M., Terjesen S. A., Ingram A. E., Renko M., Justo R., Elam A. 2017. Taking care of business: The impact of culture and gender on entrepreneurs’ blended value creation goals. Small Business Economics 48 (1): 225–257.

Hofstede G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Sage: Beverly Hills, CA.

Hofstede G. 2001. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. 2nd ed. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA.

Hofstede G. 2002. Dimensions do not exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney. Human Relations 55 (11): 1355–1361.

Hofstede G., Hofstede G. L., Minkov M. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill: N. Y.

Hofstede G., Noorderhaven N. G., Thurik A. R., Uhlaner L. M., Wennekers A. R. M., Wildeman R. E. 2004. Culture’s role in entrepreneurship: Self-employment out of dissatisfaction. In: Brown T. E., Ulijn J. (eds). Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Culture. The Interaction between Technology, Progress and Economic Growth. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham; 162–203.

House R. J., Hanges P. J., Javidan M., Dorfman P. W., Gupta V. 2004. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks.

Inglehart R. 1990. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton University Press: Princeton.

Kautonen T., van Gelderen M., Tornikoski E. T. 2013. Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: A test of the theory of planned behavior. Applied Economics 45 (6): 697–707.

Inglehart R. 2006. Mapping global values. Comparative Sociology 5 (2): 115–136.

Kirkman B. L., Lowe K. B., Gibson C. B. 2017. A retrospective on culture’s consequences: The 35-year journey. Journal of International Business Studies 48 (1): 12–29.

Kogut B., Singh H. 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies 19 (3): 411–432.

Kreiser P. M., Marino L. D., Dickson P., Weaver K. M. 2010. Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: The impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 34 (5): 959–983.

Krueger Jr. N. F. 2003. The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. In: Acs Z. J., Audretsch D. B. (eds). Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction. Kluwer: London; 105–140.

Krueger Jr. N. F., Carsrud A. L. 1993. Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 5 (4): 315–330.

Krueger N., Liñán F., Nabi G. 2013. Cultural values and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 703–707.

Laskovaia A., Shirokova G., Morris M. H. 2017. National culture, effectuation, and new venture performance: Global evidence from student entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics 49 (3): 687–709.

Lee S. M., Peterson S. J. 2000. Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business 35 (4): 401–416.

Leung K., Bond M. H. 2004. Social axioms: A model for social beliefs in multicultural perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 36: 119–197.

Li Y., Zahra S. A. 2012. Formal institutions, culture, and venture capital activity: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Business Venturing 27 (1): 95–111.

Liñán F., Chen Y.-W. 2009. Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 33 (3): 593–617.

Liñán F., Fernandez-Serrano J. 2014. National culture, entrepreneurship and economic development: Different patterns across the European Union. Small Business Economics 42 (4): 685–701.

Makino S., Neupert K. E. 2000. National culture, transaction costs, and the choice between joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary. Journal of International Business Studies 31 (4): 705–713.

Marino L., Strandholm K., Steensma H. K., Weaver K. M. 2002. The moderating effect of national culture on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and strategic alliance portfolio extensiveness. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 26 (4): 145–160.

McGrath R. G., MacMillan I. C. 1992. More like each other than anyone else? A cross-cultural study of entrepreneurial perceptions. Journal of Business Venturing 7 (5): 419–429.

McGrath R. G., MacMillan I. C., Scheinberg S. 1992. Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists? An Exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 7 (2): 115–135.

McSweeney B. 2002. Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith — a failure of analysis. Human Relations 55 (1): 89–118.

Minola T., Criaco G., Obschonka M. 2016. Age, culture, and self-employment motivation. Small Business Economics 46 (2): 187–213.

Mitchell R. K., Smith J. B., Morse E. A., Seawright K. W., Peredo A. M., Mckenzie B. 2002. Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 26 (4): 9–32.

Mitchell R. K., Smith B., Seawright K., Morse E. A. 2000. Cross-cultural cognitions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal 43 (5): 974–993.

Morales C. E., Holtschlag C. 2013. Postmaterialist values and entrepreneurship. A multilevel approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 19 (3): 266–282.

Mueller S. L., Thomas A. S. 2001. Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing 16 (1): 51–75.

Noorderhaven N., Thurik R., Wennekers S., van Stel A. 2004. The role of dissatisfaction and per capita income in explaining self-employment across 15 European countries. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 28 (5): 447–466.

Park H. S. 2000. Relationships among attitudes and subjective norms: Testing the theory of reasoned action across cultures. Communication Studies 51 (2): 162–175.

Pinillos M.-J., Reyes L. 2011. Relationship between individualist-collectivist culture and entrepreneurial activity: Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. Small Business Economics 37 (1): 23–37.

Rauch A., Frese M., Wang Z.-M., Unger J., Lozada M., Kupcha V., Spirina T. 2013. National culture and cultural orientations of owners affecting the innovation–growth relationship in five countries. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 732–755.

Raudenbush S. W., Bryk A. S. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. 2nd ed. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.

Schwartz S. H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In: Zanna M. (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 25. Academic Press: N. Y.

Schwartz S. H. 1999. A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review 48 (1): 23–47.

Shane S. A. 1992. Why do some societies invent more than others? Journal of Business Venturing 7 (1): 29–46.

Shane S. A. 1993. Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing 8 (1): 59–73.

Shane S. A. 2010. Born Entrepreneurs, Born Leaders: How Your Genes Affect Your Work Life. Oxford University Press: N. Y.

Shirokova G., Tsukanova T., Morris M.H. 2018. The moderating role of national culture in the relationship between university entrepreneurship offerings and student start-up activity: An embeddedness perspective. Journal of Small Business Management 56 (1): 103–130.

Shneor R., Camgöz S. M., Karapinar P.B. 2013. The interaction between culture and sex in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 781–803.

Shinnar R. S., Giacomin O., Janssen F. 2012. Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 36 (3): 465–493.

Short J. 2009. The art of writing a review article. Journal of Management 35 (6): 1312–1317.

Smith P. B. 2015. Yes, subjective norms are important, but let’s not lose sight of cultural differences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 46 (10): 1310–1313.

Steensma H. K., Marino L., Weaver K. M. 2000. Attitudes toward cooperative strategies: A cross-cultural analysis of entrepreneurs. Journal of International Business Studies 31 (4): 591–609.

Steensma H. K., Marino L., Weaver K. M., Dickson P. H. 2000. The influence of national culture on the formation of technology alliances by entrepreneurial firms. Academy of Management Journal 43 (5): 951–973.

Stephan U., Pathak S. 2016. Beyond cultural values? Cultural leadership ideals and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing 31 (5): 505–523.

Stephan U., Uhlaner L. M. 2010. Performance-based vs socially supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies 41 (8): 1347–1364.

Stewart Jr.W.H., Carland J. C., Carland J.W., Watson W.E., Sweo R. 2003. Entrepreneurial dispositions and goal orientations: A comparative exploration of United States and Russian entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management 41 (1): 27–46.

Taras V., Steel P., Kirkman B. L. 2016. Does country equal culture? Beyond geography in the search for cultural boundaries. Management International Review 56 (4): 455–472.

Thai M. T. T., Turkina E. 2014. Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing 29 (4): 490–510.

Thomas A. S., Mueller S. L. 2000. A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies 31 (2): 287–301.

Thurik R., Dejardin M. A. F. G. 2011. The impact of culture on entrepreneurship. European Business Review 23: 57–59.

Todd S. Y., Crook T. R., Barilla A. G. 2005. Hierarchical linear modeling of multilevel data. Journal of Sport Management 19 (4): 387–403.

Uhlaner L. M., Thurik A. R. 2007. Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17 (2): 161–185.

Wang J., Veugelers R., Stephan P. 2017. Bias against novelty in science: A cautionary tale for users of bibliometric indicators. Research Policy 46 (8): 1416–1436.

Watson A., Dada O., Wright O., Perrigot P. 2017. Entrepreneurial orientation rhetoric in franchise organizations: The impact of national culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 35 (5): 855–872.

Wennberg K., Pathak S., Autio E. 2013. How culture moulds the effects of self-efficacy and fear of failure on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 756–780.

Williams L. K., McGuire S. J. 2010. Economic creativity and innovation implementation: The entrepreneurial drivers of growth? Evidence from 63 countries. Small Business Economics 34 (4): 391–412.

Wong P., Ho Y. P., Autio E. 2005. Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: Evidence from GEM Data. Small Business Economics 24 (3): 335–350.

Translation of references in Russian into English

Beliaeva T.V., Laskovaia A. K., Shirokova G.V. 2016. Entrepreneurial learning and students’ entrepreneurial intentions: The role of national culture. Russian Management Journal [Rossiiskii Zhurnal Menedzhmenta] 14 (1): 59–86. (In Russian)

Tatarko A. N., Lebedeva N. М. 2008. The study of social axioms: Their structure and interrelations with socio-economic predispositions of Russians. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics [Psihologia. Zhurnal Vysshey Shkoly Ekonomiki] 5 (4): 135–143. (In Russian)

Hofstede G., McCrae R. R. 2010. Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Russian translation. Sociological Journal [Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal] (4): 9–41. (In Russian)

Schwartz S. 2008. Cultural value orientations: Nature & implications of national differences. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics [Psihologia. Zhurnal Vysshey Shkoly Ekonomiki] 5 (2): 37–67. (In Russian)